The advent of immune checkpoint inhibitors has transformed liver cancer treatment, while advancements in next-generation sequencing and spatial analysis are pushing research into a new era. To fully elucidate the complexities of cancer, it is essential to comprehensively grasp not only the molecular abnormalities (genomic and epigenomic) and phenotypic changes of cancer cells but also the functions and intercellular interactions of stromal cells (such as immune cells, fibroblasts, and vascular endothelial cells) within the tumor microenvironment. In recent years, it has become evident that differences in the tumor immune microenvironment significantly affect recurrence, survival, and efficacy of pharmacotherapy, while various locoregional therapies and pharmacotherapy may alter the tumor immune microenvironment. Given the many treatment options in liver cancer, understanding the immune microenvironment and developing biomarkers are key to achieving personalized medicine. In this symposium, we hope to have the latest research on the liver tumor immune microenvironment and its application to personalized treatment, while discussing future challenges and opportunities.