Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) treatment has entered a period of major transition. The shift toward non-viral etiologies has increased the number of patients with preserved liver function, while cases diagnosed at an advanced stage outside surveillance programs are also rising. Surgical indications have been redefined through the recently proposed BR classification of oncologic resectability, which stratifies patients according to tumor conditions. For advanced disease, combination immunotherapies have become the standard, producing responses of unprecedented depth compared with the VEGF-TKI era. Consequently, cases once deemed unresectable can now be converted to curative treatments, achieving cancer-free status. However, post-immunotherapy treatment strategies remain undefined, and the search for biomarkers to identify responders continues to be an urgent issue. Moreover, the roles of ablation, TACE, particle therapy, liver transplantation, and the management of immune-related liver injury remain critical topics. This session will explore current challenges and future perspectives in multimodality treatment for HCC.